Objective-C was introduced with NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP. It is mainly used in combination with the Cocoa framework (a collection of libraries) under Mac OS X although you can program in Objective-C without using these libraries if you want to.
Objective-C is an extension to the famous C programming language that adds support for object-oriented features. What Objective-C does is to add Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language.
Mac OS X is based on the NeXTSTEP operating system. In 1993, the set of libraries found in NeXTSTEP were renamed OpenStep and then Cocoa.
I very nice book for learning Objective-C is "Programming in Objective-C" by Stephen G. Kochan. I highly recommend this book. You can find more information about it here.
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